Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare but severe complication resulting from a persistent measles infection. This neurological condition typically manifests in early adolescence and follows a progressive course with a high mortality rate. The effective implementation of measles vaccination has significantly reduced the incidence of measles and, consequently, SSPE cases. However, measles remains endemic in many countries with limited access to vaccinations. Additionally, there has been a resurgence of measles in industrialized countries due to vaccine refusal.
SSPE is caused by the measles virus, a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. Measles is one of the most contagious diseases, with one infected individual capable of transmitting the virus to 12 to 18 people. Transmission occurs through aerosols from person to person. Various complications can arise from measles, both acutely and chronically, including neurological complications such as SSPE. Children under the age of five and adults over the age of 20 are at higher risk of death.
Understanding and addressing these aspects are crucial in managing and preventing SSPE, particularly through robust vaccination programs.